연구결과 개요 보고서
| 과제구분 | 한국학기초연구 / 공동연구과제 | ||
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| 과제코드 | |||
| 연구과제명 |
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| 연구책임자 | 전성호 | ||
| 공동연구자 | 장문, 박덕배, Lee Pui Tak | ||
| 연구기간 | 20240108 ~ 20241216 | 연구형태 | 공동연구 |
| 연구목적 및 배경 | 1. Reasearch Goal This research will be great for very insightful presentations and for sharing knowledge about herbal medicine. Also, contribute a quite interdisciplinary research. In case people did not realize, the presentations in fact touched upon an impressive variety of disciplines, including but not limited to economic history, business history, accounting history, social history, medical history, materialist culture (which in turn is often part of anthropology or sociology) and literature. .While all presentations focus on the traded luxury good ginseng, this way incorporating the classical commodity markets, some presentations also go on to address in great detail the underlying financial markets by focusing on funding as well as accounting issues, while other presentations touch upon migration markets by highlighting the role of Overseas Chinese, who were both consumers of ginseng but also important human network providers, or by emphasizing the exchange of medical personnel between Ming / Qing China and Choseon Korea In doing so, the presentations have impressively shown us that globalization, observable at all three levels - commodity markets, financial markets, and migration markets - has already existed to some extent in East Asia in the past. Indeed, your research not only suggests that East Asia was regionally and even globally integrated, but also that farmers, transporters, investors, sometimes even diplomats, sought profits and were quite capitalist already before the advent of Western capitalism. This is also an important finding, as the international literature tends to portray pre-industrialized East Asia as non-capitalist Confucian-focused region, as opposed to the West, that discovered the Industrial Revolution as a result of burgeoning capitalism. With this in mind, today’s presentations also contribute to the “great-divergence” debate, which is a major and ongoing discussion in academia. This discussion is going back to Max Weber, arguing as early as 1915 that Confucianism allegedly prevented the spread of capitalism in East Asia as people did not seek economic profits there. Yet, today we have seen that, on the contrary, merchants were not only capitalist-minded, similar to their European counterparts in the past, but even spearheaded capitalist, profit-maximizing methods such as double-entry book keeping in the eleventh to thirteenth centuries, thus even before the West. |
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| 연구방법 및 내용 | From a methodological point of view, presenters used both qualitative and quantitative data as well as primary data and secondary data, this way, convincingly presenting similar arguments from different perspectives. And although this research is quite interdisciplinary in character, it is still closely focused on trade networks in East Asia in premodern times, here by paying special attention to the traded commodity “ginseng”. I personally liked this focus on ginseng, as most international studies on global trade networks in East Asia focus on the silk road and its main traded product, silk. Yet, silk and ginseng share something in common, notably that these are luxurious goods, that is, high in value, light in weight, and easily transportable. Therefore, studying ginseng imports-exports offers both a new and fresh as well as an old and familiar glimpse on international trade networks. What is more, the papers presented today actually address many varying manifestations of “globalization”. As O’Rourke and Williamson suggest in 1999 in their groundbreaking, seminal work “Globalization and History”, globalization can be divided into three areas: commodity markets, financial markets, and migration markets. |
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| 연구결과물 세부 목차 | 1. Chapter 1. The ginseng trade network of Hong Kong in the twentieth century: An analysis of the American ginseng partnership contract in 1939_______________________________6-16 2. Chapter 2. The encounter of medicine, commerce and culture: From the circulation of ginseng to see the medical exchange between Ming and Qing Dynasties, China and Chosŏn_____________________________________________________________17-65 3. Chapter 3. East Asian Commercial Networks in 1920s: A Case Study of Red Ginseng Trade___66-75 4. Chapter 4. Research on Ginseng Finance by Kaesong Merchants_________________________76-92 5. Chapter 5. Research Perspectives and Methodological Issues in the Study of Jin Merchants: A Tentative Analysis Based on The Compilation of Jin Merchants’ Historical Materials__________________________________________________________93-107 6. Chapter 6. Accounting, Business and Finance of Ginseng Industry in Kaeseong during 18th – 19th Centuries_________________________________________________________108-158 |
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| 연구결과 | Ginseng is regarded as a precious herb by most of the Chinese and it is not an exception in Hong Kong. It was not until nineteenth century Hong Kong became a trading hub of American ginseng. Drawing upon different business documents including partnership contract, account book, and correspondence, this paper traced and accounted for the trading networks of ginseng in Hong Kong during the twentieth century. Capitalization is one the major factors for creating partnership whereas monopolization is the other. To trade American ginseng in the 1930s needed quite an amount of capital and business connection. Without a network, Chinese merchant could hardly extend their hands to North America and redistribute the merchandize to mainland China and other Chinese communities in the rest of the world. Without a connection, Chinese merchant would not be able to group together in order to acquire American ginseng as futures, monopolizing the trade by forming a group. Chinese merchants in Hong Kong are used to extend networks by forming a partnership or by establishing associate firms (lianhao 聯號) both domestically and transnationally. It will be interesting to look into the details of the so-called ginseng shop contract (shenzhuang hetong 參莊合同), as this paper is aimed to give a full picture of how Chinese merchant collected capital and engaged in future ginseng trade as well as the networks between Hong Kong and America. In the exchange of ginseng between China and Chosŏn, the role of the intermediary is very important. In addition to Yanxing envoys, it is also necessary to pay attention to the position of “ginseng merchants” in the collection and trade of Chosŏn’s ginseng. This group of people often has a negative image. For example, “Shepherds Heart Book” described it as “potentially interrogating drugs and gangsters”, and “Hongzhai Quanshu” described: “For the present plan, it is better to guard against adultery. The power of the people, but the disadvantages of ginseng merchants, I have heard about it.”, or as it is said in “Mr. Suzhais Collection”: “If you want to tie up village gangsters, trade at a high price, so the ginseng that can be used is all in the hands of ginseng merchants. .” Ginseng merchants often play an important role in collecting and trading Chosŏn’s ginseng. It is recorded in “The Heart of the Herdsmen” that ginseng merchants sometimes concentrate in the ginseng production areas in the Jiangjie area on the border of Chosŏn. Hu Cao issues Huang Tie ginseng tickets before they can send people into the mountains to pick ginseng. to collect taxes. Those who do not have such dirty posts will be regarded as “potential businessmen”. Ginseng merchants sometimes dominate the supply situation of ginseng producing areas, and the stability of ginseng from various regions is often affected. For example, “Return to the Deer Collection” mentions that the ginseng sent to Japan by Chosŏn’s messengers often fails to make up the quota. Part of the reason is that some Tibetan ginseng are deliberately released abnormally due to the complicated regulations on public trading. If there is a better price, ginseng merchants will flock to them. Even 70-jin ginseng can be bought in a short time. “Mr. Su Zhais Other Collection” even directly named it, not only the capital, but even the people in Kaesong Prefecture have changed to become ginseng merchants. If they are collected in time, the ginseng that can be used will be sold to merchants. The ginseng used by officials is all grass ginseng.” This paper aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of market integration in East Asia, with a particular focus on the trade of red ginseng as a case study. Red ginseng, a highly valued medicinal product, serves as an ideal lens to examine the intricate dynamics of regional economic integration due to its widespread demand and the involvement of key economic players such as Mitsui & Co. The trade of red ginseng not only highlights the commercial strategies employed by these actors but also reflects broader trends in market integration, including the interplay between local producers and international traders, the impact of regulatory frameworks, and the influence of consumer preferences. By focusing on red ginseng, this study will explore how a single commodity can illuminate the broader processes of market integration. It will examine the commercial networks that facilitated the distribution of red ginseng across East Asia, the marketing strategies employed to promote it, and the challenges encountered in its trade. Gaeseong ginseng has been a representative health food in international trade since the 19th century, and has long been a representative export product of the Korean Peninsula. From the late 19th century to the early 20th century, it served as an important product that formed the three-country trade network of Korea, China, and Japan, along with Chinese silk and Japanese silver. Although the efforts of Gaeseong merchants were significant in making it so, it would have been difficult to succeed without the unique role of finance formed in the Gaeseong region. Ginseng cultivation takes a long time, averaging 5 to 6 years, and the cultivation itself is difficult, requiring a huge amount of money, so the necessary funds must be supplied at the right time. This study departs from individual studies on the various unique systems and practices of the Gaeseong region and comprehensively examines them to examine the application of modern project financing, another key to the success of Gaeseong ginseng. This study examines the process by which modern project financing techniques were applied to ginseng cultivation in the Gaeseong region through the financial institutions and systems developed at the time. The project financing used in the Gaeseong ginseng cultivation at that time was more than 100 years ahead of the Western modern project financing introduced in the 1930s, and its techniques were confirmed to be comparable to cutting-edge 21st century project financing. Therefore, it is necessary to reevaluate the role of ginseng finance in future research on Gaeseong ginseng and approach it from a new perspective. The historical documents of Kaesong Merchants are invaluable for studying Korea’s economic development and business evolution since the Choseon Dynasties. Leveraging these documents has led to breakthroughs in historical inquiries and holds the potential to reshape frameworks in accounting, finance, and commerce, contributing to an academic discourse system rooted in Korean culture and history. This paper is interdisciplinary in character, it is still closely focused on trade networks in East Asia in premodern times, here by paying special attention to the traded commodity “ginseng”. This focus on ginseng, as most international studies on global trade networks in East Asia focus on the silk road and its main traded product, opium and silk. Yet, opium silk and ginseng share something in common, notably that these are luxurious goods, that is, high in value, light in weight, and easily transportable. Therefore, studying ginseng imports-exports offers both a new and fresh as well as an old and familiar glimpse on international trade networks. |
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| 참고문헌 | Hantang Modern Newspaper（瀚堂近代报刊）Database, https://www.neohytung.com/ Kong Seong-Gu, 1928, Hyang-dae-gi-ram(香台纪览，Travelling Records in Hong Kong and Taiwan), National Library of Korea Kong Seong-Hak, 1923, Jung-yoo-il-gi(中游日记，Diary of travelling China), Kyujanggak Archives. Samjeong Division of the Finance Department, 1902-1908, Samjeong-yoram(参政要览), National Library of Korea Gong Seong-hak, Park Dong-wook and Lee Eun-ju, trans., 『Jungyu Diary』 Humanist, 2018. Gong Seong-gu, Park Dong-wook, trans., 『Hyangdae Giram - The Story of Gaesang Seong-ins Pioneering of the Red Ginseng Road』 Taehaksa, 2014. Seol Hye-sim, 2020, The World History of Ginseng, Humanist Lee Seok-ryun, 『Study of Korean Currency and Financial History』 Park Young-sa, 1984. Yang Jeong-pil, 2008, 「A Study on the Economic Organization of Modern and Contemporary Gaeseong Merchants - Focusing on the Three Major Commercial Systems and Three Major Business Sectors」, Yeogjaemun 20, Institute for History Problems. Lee Hoon-seop, 『Gaeseong Merchant Theory』, Kyunggi University Press, 2006. Jun Seong-ho, 2011, ｢Analysis of Bills of Exchange Transactions in the Late Joseon Dynasty (1887∼1900) - Focusing on the Park Yeong-jin Family Accounting Books｣, Korean Studies 38. Jun Seong-ho, 2011, ｢A Study on the Gaeseong ‘Sibyeon’ System - Analysis of Credit-Related Transactions in the Accounting Books of Gaeseong Merchants (1887∼1900)｣, Daedong Cultural Studies 78. Jun Seong-ho, 2011, A comparative study of the ledger accounting technique of traditional Korean accounting and the Italian pigeonhole theory, Journal of Historical Studies, Vol. 101 Jun Seong-ho, 2015, ｢Female Finance in the Accounting Books of Gaeseong Merchants in the 19th Century｣, Korean Womens History Society, Women and History 23. Jun Seong-ho, 2018, ｢Amore Pacific Gaeseong Merchant Series 6 & 7｣. Jun Seong-ho and Vilayphone Somsamone (2023) A Study on the Financial Network of Gaeseong, a City Without Banks (1887–1997) I, Journal of Korean Economic Studies 2023 Vol.41, No1, 73–95 長尾崎俊, 1929, ｢開城ノ時邊ニ取テ｣, Investigation report on the Gaeseong branch of Chosun Siksan Bank (Kim Hyo-dong, 1973:80). E. R. Yescombe, 2013, Principles of Project Finance, eBook Alfred D.Chandler.JR. The Visible Hand, Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press. 1977. David S.Landies, Joel Mokyr, & William J.Baumol., The Invention of Enterprise Entrepreneurship from Ancient Mesopotamia to Modern Times., Princeton University Press. Princeton and Oxford. 2010. De Roover, Raymond. The Rise and Decline of the Medici Bank, 1397-1494 Cambridge:Harvard University Press. 1963. Elvin, Mark. The Pattern of the Chinese Past: A Social and Economic Interpretation. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1973. Jack Goody, The East in the West, Cambridge University. 1996. Jun Seong.Ho, Korean Expansion and Decline from the seventeenth century to the nineteenth century;A view suggested by A.D. Smith, Journal of Economic History Vol. 68 no 1. Pp.244-282. 2008. Maddison, Angus. Chinese Economic Performance in the Long Run. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1998. Maddison, Angus. Contours of The World Economy, 1-2030 AD. OXFORD. 2007. Pomeranz, Kenneth. The Great Divergence: Europe, China, and the Making of the Modern World Economy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000. |
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